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TLD Servers — authoritative nameservers for a top-level domain that return delegations to the nameservers of registered domains beneath it.
DNS is a distributed hierarchy. A resolver starts with available data and, when necessary, queries root, TLD, and authoritative servers. TTL-based caching reduces query volume but delays the visibility of changes.
TLD Servers — authoritative nameservers for a top-level domain that return delegations to the nameservers of registered domains beneath it.
This component participates in locating, storing, or returning authoritative data about domain names. Its role is determined by its place in the hierarchy and the type of DNS query.
Query the authoritative servers and a recursive resolver separately. Compare the answer, TTL, delegation, and cache state to distinguish a zone error from stale client-side data.
